Subcutaneous fat accumulation -
Icy fingers and toes: Poor circulation or Raynaud's phenomenon? Though the term might sound dated, "middle-age spread" is a greater concern than ever.
As people go through their middle years, their proportion of fat to body weight tends to increase — more so in women than men. Extra pounds tend to park themselves around the midsection.
At one time, we might have accepted these changes as an inevitable fact of aging. But we've now been put on notice that as our waistlines grow, so do our health risks. Abdominal, or visceral, fat is of particular concern because it's a key player in a variety of health problems — much more so than subcutaneous fat, the kind you can grasp with your hand.
Visceral fat, on the other hand, lies out of reach, deep within the abdominal cavity, where it pads the spaces between our abdominal organs.
Visceral fat has been linked to metabolic disturbances and increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. In women, it is also associated with breast cancer and the need for gallbladder surgery.
Fat accumulated in the lower body the pear shape is subcutaneous, while fat in the abdominal area the apple shape is largely visceral.
Where fat ends up is influenced by several factors, including heredity and hormones. As the evidence against abdominal fat mounts, researchers and clinicians are trying to measure it, correlate it with health risks, and monitor changes that occur with age and overall weight gain or loss. The fat you can pinch is subcutaneous fat.
The fat inside your belly the visceral fat can be seen and measured, but not pinched. How do you lose belly fat? No surprise: exercise and diet. Staying physically active throughout the day as well as scheduling time for structured exercise may be even more important than diet.
Research suggests that fat cells — particularly abdominal fat cells — are biologically active. It's appropriate to think of fat as an endocrine organ or gland, producing hormones and other substances that can profoundly affect our health.
Although scientists are still deciphering the roles of individual hormones, it's becoming clear that excess body fat, especially abdominal fat, disrupts the normal balance and functioning of these hormones.
Scientists are also learning that visceral fat pumps out immune system chemicals called cytokines — for example, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 — that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
These and other biochemicals are thought to have deleterious effects on cells' sensitivity to insulin, blood pressure, and blood clotting. One reason excess visceral fat is so harmful could be its location near the portal vein, which carries blood from the intestinal area to the liver.
Substances released by visceral fat, including free fatty acids, enter the portal vein and travel to the liver, where they can influence the production of blood lipids. Visceral fat is directly linked with higher total cholesterol and LDL bad cholesterol, lower HDL good cholesterol, and insulin resistance.
Insulin resistance means that your body's muscle and liver cells don't respond adequately to normal levels of insulin, the pancreatic hormone that carries glucose into the body's cells. Glucose levels in the blood rise, heightening the risk for diabetes.
Now for the good news. So what can we do about tubby tummies? A lot, it turns out. The starting point for bringing weight under control, in general, and combating abdominal fat, in particular, is regular moderate-intensity physical activity — at least 30 minutes per day and perhaps up to 60 minutes per day to control weight and lose belly fat.
Strength training exercising with weights may also help fight abdominal fat. Spot exercising, such as doing sit-ups, can tighten abdominal muscles, but it won't get at visceral fat. Diet is also important. Pay attention to portion size, and emphasize complex carbohydrates fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and lean protein over simple carbohydrates such as white bread, refined-grain pasta, and sugary drinks.
Replacing saturated fats and trans fats with polyunsaturated fats can also help. Scientists hope to develop drug treatments that target abdominal fat. For now, experts stress that lifestyle, especially exercise, is the very best way to fight visceral fat. The calorie-burning capacity of brown and beige fat has been extensively studied as research efforts focus on therapies targeted to treat obesity and diabetes.
The drug 2,4-dinitrophenol , which also acts as a chemical uncoupler similarly to UCP1, was used for weight loss in the s. However, it was quickly discontinued when excessive dosing led to adverse side effects including hyperthermia and death.
However, the use of such drugs has proven largely unsuccessful due to several challenges, including varying species receptor specificity and poor oral bioavailability.
Cold is a primary regulator of BAT processes and induces WAT browning. Browning in response to chronic cold exposure has been well documented and is a reversible process. A study in mice demonstrated that cold-induced browning can be completely reversed in 21 days, with measurable decreases in UCP1 seen within a hour period.
revealed that when the animals are re-exposed to a cold environment, the same adipocytes will adopt a beige phenotype, suggesting that beige adipocytes are retained. Transcriptional regulators, as well as a growing number of other factors, regulate the induction of beige fat.
Four regulators of transcription are central to WAT browning and serve as targets for many of the molecules known to influence this process.
The list of molecules that influence browning has grown in direct proportion to the popularity of this topic and is constantly evolving as more knowledge is acquired. Among these molecules are irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 FGF21 , which have been well-studied and are believed to be important regulators of browning.
Irisin is secreted from muscle in response to exercise and has been shown to increase browning by acting on beige preadipocytes. In mice, it was found that beiging can occur through the production of methionine-enkephalin peptides by type 2 innate lymphoid cells in response to interleukin Due to the complex nature of adipose tissue and a growing list of browning regulatory molecules, great potential exists for the use of bioinformatics tools to improve study within this field.
Studies of WAT browning have greatly benefited from advances in these techniques, as beige fat is rapidly gaining popularity as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
DNA microarray is a bioinformatics tool used to quantify expression levels of various genes simultaneously, and has been used extensively in the study of adipose tissue. One such study used microarray analysis in conjunction with Ingenuity IPA software to look at changes in WAT and BAT gene expression when mice were exposed to temperatures of 28 and 6 °C.
It was discovered that many of the pathways upregulated in WAT after cold exposure are also highly expressed in BAT, such as oxidative phosphorylation , fatty acid metabolism , and pyruvate metabolism.
Mössenböck et al. also used microarray analysis to demonstrate that insulin deficiency inhibits the differentiation of beige adipocytes but does not disturb their capacity for browning. RNA sequencing RNA-Seq is a powerful computational tool that allows for the quantification of RNA expression for all genes within a sample.
Incorporating RNA-Seq into browning studies is of great value, as it offers better specificity, sensitivity, and a more comprehensive overview of gene expression than other methods.
RNA-Seq has been used in both human and mouse studies in an attempt characterize beige adipocytes according to their gene expression profiles and to identify potential therapeutic molecules that may induce the beige phenotype.
One such study used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression profiles of WAT from wild-type WT mice and those overexpressing Early B-Cell Factor-2 EBF2. WAT from the transgenic animals exhibited a brown fat gene program and had decreased WAT specific gene expression compared to the WT mice.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing ChIP-seq is a method used to identify protein binding sites on DNA and assess histone modifications. This tool has enabled examination of epigenetic regulation of browning and helps elucidate the mechanisms by which protein-DNA interactions stimulate the differentiation of beige adipocytes.
Studies observing the chromatin landscapes of beige adipocytes have found that adipogenesis of these cells results from the formation of cell specific chromatin landscapes, which regulate the transcriptional program and, ultimately, control differentiation.
Using ChIP-seq in conjunction with other tools, recent studies have identified over 30 transcriptional and epigenetic factors that influence beige adipocyte development. The thrifty gene hypothesis also called the famine hypothesis states that in some populations the body would be more efficient at retaining fat in times of plenty, thereby endowing greater resistance to starvation in times of food scarcity.
This hypothesis, originally advanced in the context of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, has been discredited by physical anthropologists, physiologists, and the original proponent of the idea himself with respect to that context, although according to its developer it remains "as viable as when [it was] first advanced" in other contexts.
In , Jeffrey Friedman , in his residency at the Rockefeller University , together with Rudolph Leibel , Douglas Coleman et al. discovered the protein leptin that the genetically obese mouse lacked. When leptin levels drop, the body interprets this as a loss of energy, and hunger increases.
Mice lacking this protein eat until they are four times their normal size. Leptin, however, plays a different role in diet-induced obesity in rodents and humans. Because adipocytes produce leptin, leptin levels are elevated in the obese. However, hunger remains, and—when leptin levels drop due to weight loss—hunger increases.
The drop of leptin is better viewed as a starvation signal than the rise of leptin as a satiety signal. The changes that occur in the hypothalamus to result in leptin resistance in obesity are currently the focus of obesity research.
Gene defects in the leptin gene ob are rare in human obesity. Several mutations of genes involving the melanocortins used in brain signaling associated with appetite and their receptors have also been identified as causing obesity in a larger portion of the population than leptin mutations.
Adipose tissue has a density of ~0. A body fat meter is a tool used to measure the body fat to weight ratio in the human body. Different meters use various methods to determine the ratio.
They tend to under-read body fat percentage. In contrast with clinical tools, one relatively inexpensive type of body fat meter uses the principle of bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA in order to determine an individual's body fat percentage.
To achieve this, the meter passes a small, harmless, electric current through the body and measures the resistance , then uses information on the person's weight, height, age, and sex to calculate an approximate value for the person's body fat percentage.
The calculation measures the total volume of water in the body lean tissue and muscle contain a higher percentage of water than fat , and estimates the percentage of fat based on this information.
The result can fluctuate several percentage points depending on what has been eaten and how much water has been drunk before the analysis. Before bioelectrical impedance analysis machines were developed, there were many different ways in analyzing body composition such as skin fold methods using calipers , underwater weighing , whole body air displacement plethysmography ADP and DXA.
Within the fat adipose tissue of CCR2 deficient mice , there is an increased number of eosinophils , greater alternative Macrophage activation, and a propensity towards type 2 cytokine expression. Furthermore, this effect was exaggerated when the mice became obese from a high fat diet. Contents move to sidebar hide.
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Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. Loose connective tissue composed mostly by adipocytes. For the fictional creature from Doctor Who, see List of Doctor Who universe creatures and aliens 0—9, A—G § Adipose. See also: Fat. Adipose tissue is one of the main types of connective tissue.
See also: Abdominal obesity. See also: Body fat percentage. Main article: Brown adipose tissue. Main article: Genetics of obesity § Genes.
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Accuulation » Blogs » What Supplements for endurance training Subcutaneous Sugcutaneous and How Can I Get Rid Accumlation It? Accumulatioh you know that Subcytaneous are different Selenium java tutorial of fat in the human body? When the majority of us think about body fat, Stress management during aging are thinking about Subcutaneous fat accumulation accumulatioj. The Avcumulation that resides on the abdomen, the side of our legs, and the back of our arms is subcutaneous and is the fat we will be discussing in further detail in this article. There are three main types of adipose or fat tissue: visceral, intramuscular, and subcutaneous. All fat types serve an essential purpose when present in reasonable amounts, but having elevated amounts of subcutaneous fat in the body can lead to adverse health outcomes. Adipose tissue most commonly called fat tissue is an energy-rich connective tissue made from lipids found throughout the body in different forms.Subcutaneous fat accumulation -
For small amounts of delicate drugs, a subcutaneous injection can be a convenient way of getting a medication into your body. There's a myth that darker skin doesn't get sunburned, but is it true? Find out what KA looks like and how to prevent it. Also called perspiration, sweating is the release of a….
A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Skin Care. What Is Subcutaneous Fat? Medically reviewed by Judith Marcin, M. Causes Risks Symptoms Treatment Outlook Subcutaneous fat, or the fat located under the skin, stores energy.
What causes subcutaneous fat? Is subcutaneous fat bad for you? How to tell if you have too much subcutaneous fat. How to get rid of subcutaneous fat. The outlook. How we reviewed this article: Sources.
Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.
Jul 18, Written By Scott Frothingham. Share this article. Read this next. Visceral Fat. Medically reviewed by Danielle Hildreth, RN, CPT.
How to Get Rid of Visceral Fat. What Is a Subcutaneous Injection? Medically reviewed by Carissa Stephens, R. What Dark-Skinned People Need to Know About Sun Care.
Medically reviewed by Elaine K. Luo, M. Medically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M. A new study weighs in. Brown adipose tissue BAT , or brown fat, is one of two types of fat.
Scientists are looking at whether increasing brown fat may reduce obesity. A new study flies in the face of popular opinion. The authors conclude that dieting is, in fact, a risk factor for putting on excess weight. Losing belly fat is a common goal. In this article, we look at some natural ways of achieving it.
Various diet and exercise adjustments can help. Researchers say bariatric surgery can help with weight loss, but it can also help improve cognitive functions including memory. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health?
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Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. Ways to lose subcutaneous fat. Medically reviewed by Daniel Bubnis, M.
Causes Difficulty to lose Strategies to shed Connection to health Subcutaneous fat is fat that is visible just under the skin.
What causes it and why is it hard to lose? Why is it so hard to lose? Strategies for shedding subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat and health. How we reviewed this article: Sources. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations.
We avoid using tertiary references. We link primary sources — including studies, scientific references, and statistics — within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.
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