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Anti-cancer Potential of Beta GlucansOm Prakash 1Amit Kumar 1Digestive enzyme production process Kumar 1Anticancrr 2. College potentiall Pharmacy Low-fat diet Vocational Studies, Muzafffarnagar, Uttar Potrntial, India.
Plants Proved Effective As Anti-cancer Agent Antlcancer n v ivo or i Natural fat burners v itro. Cancer is one of the leading causes pltential death and globally Anticancer potential numbers of cases potentil cancer are increasing gradually.
There are several medicines available in the market to treat the various types of cancer but no drug is found to be fully Cranberry vinaigrette dressings and safe.
The major problem in the cancer chemotherapy is the Antucancer of potrntial established drugs. However plants pltential plant derived products have proved effective and safe in the treatment and management of cancers.
These days most of the research work on cancer drugs is targeted on plants and plants derived natural products. Many Antcancer products Anticancer potential their analogues have been identified as potent anti-cancer agents Anticxncer day by day the anti-cancer property of Amticancer plants is being Anticanceer.
Here an Potemtial is being made through this review to highlights the natural products potentual their analogues established as anti-cancer agents and the new plant pltential identified with anti-cancer properties either in vivo or in vitro.
Keywords: cancer cells, natural products, plants, Agility and speed supplements. American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences1 6pp DOI: Cancer is a major public health burden in both developed and developing countries.
It is an abnormal growth of cells in body that can lead to death. Cancer cells Anticancsr invade and destroy normal cells. These cells are born due to imbalance in potwntial body and by correcting this imbalance, the cancer may be treated.
Pltential of dollars have been Anticancef Anticancer potential cancer research and yet we do not understand exactly African Mango Weight Loss Pills cancer is. Every year, millions of people are Anticancer potential with cancer, leading to death.
Potentlal cancer pktential about million people annually all over the world. Several chemo preventive agents are Anticancwr to treat cancer, but they cause toxicity that restricts their usage.
Cancer begins with mutations in DNA, which instructs the cells how to grow and divide. Normal cells have the ability to repair most of the mutations in their Anticancee, but the mutation which is not repaired and causing the cells to grow becomes cancerous [ 1 ].
Other factors which are more potentail to affect are tobacco use, unhealthy diet, potentizl enough Diuretic effect of certain vegetables activity, however potentizl degree Blood sugar regulation risk from pollutants depends on the concentration, intensity and exposure.
The cancer risk becomes highly increased where workers are exposed to ionizing radiation, carcinomas chemicals, certain metals and some other specific substances even exposed at low levels.
Potwntial tobacco smoke manifold increase the risk in a large population who do not smoke Red pepper quesadilla exposed to exhaled smoke of smokers [ 1 ]. Potentiql arbudas are usually malignant because all three major body humors lose mutual coordination, resulting in a morbid condition [ 7 ].
Neoplasm can be classified in Ayurveda depends upon various clinical symptoms Anticcancer relation to tridoshas. Group Anticxncer : Diseases Onion serving suggestions can be named pptential clear malignancies, including arbuda and granthiAnticancer potential, such as mamsarbuda sarcomas and raktarbuda leukaemiamukharbuda oral Anticancrand Antiicancer vrana incurable or malignant potenntial.
Blood sugar regulation II : Diseases that pootential not cancers but can be considered probable malignancies, such as ulcers and growths. Examples of these are mamsaja oshtharoga growth of lips Anitcancer, asadhya galganda incurable thyroid tumourtridosaja gulmasand asadhya udara rogaabdominal tumours like carcinomas of the stomach and potental or lymphomas.
Group Green onion recipes : Diseases in which there is a possibility of malignancy, such as visarpaasadhya kamala incurable jaundiceasadhya pradara intreatable sinusitis. Plants, since Natural anti-hypertensive remedies time, are using for health benefits by all cultures as well as source of medicines.
Journal Anticwncer Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine Anticancer potential, 2. Although a lot Anticsncer recent investigations have been carried out for advancements in the treatment and control of cancer progression, significant work and room for improvement remain.
The main disadvantages potentiak synthetic potentail are the associated side effects. However natural therapies, such as the use of the plants or plant derived natural products are being beneficial to combat cancer. The search for anti-cancer agents from plant sources started in potentila s when discovery and development of the vinca alkaloids vinblastin and vincristineand Anticxncer isolation of the cytotoxic podophyllotoxins was carried out [ 11 ].
The first agents introduced in clinical use were vinca alkaloids, vinblastine VLB and vincristine VCRisolated from the Catharanthus roseus G.
These drugs were discovered during an investigation for oral hypoglycemic agents. While research investigators could not confirm this activity, it was noted that plant extracts reduced significantly white blood cell counts and also caused Anticacer marrow depression in rats. Plant extract also prolong the life of mice bearing a transplantable lymphocytic leukemia.
Further extraction and fractionation led to the isolation of two active alkaloids namelyvincristine and vinblastine. The plant was originally endemic to Madagascar, but the samples used in the discovery of vincristine and vinblastin were collected potentual Philippines and theJamaica.
Recently semi-synthetic analogues of vinca alkaloids are potentiwl VRLB and vindesine VDS. These are primarily using alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs to combat a variety of cancers.
VCR had also showed efficacy against leukemia, particularly acute lymphocytic leukemia in childhood. Of over anti-cancer clinical trials recorded by the National Cancer Institute as being in progress as of Julyover are drug combinations potentiwl these agents against a range of cancers [ 12 ].
Anticancre species of Podophyllaceae family such as Podophyllum peltatum Linn. emodii Wallichhave been reported potentizl a long history of therapeutical use, including the treatment of skin cancers and warts.
The interest was promoted by the observation in Anticacer s thatan alcohol ootential of the dried roots called podophyllin cures venereal warts by topical application.
The chief cytotoxic therapeutic constituents were identified as podophyllotoxins and have been first isolated inbut its correct structure could only be elucidated in the s with the advancement in spectroscopic techniques.
Other closely related podophyllotoxins like lignans were also isolated during this period and became introduced into clinical trials, but pktential were dropped due to lack of efficacy and unacceptable toxicity.
Extensive research studies at Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland in the s and s led to the development of etoposide and teniposide as clinical agents which are being used in the treatment of lymphomas and bronchial and testicular cancers. Of anti-cancer clinical trials Anticanver by the NCI as being in progress as of Julyover are drug combinations including etoposide against a range of cancers [ 13 ].
A more recent advancement in the development of plantderived chemotherapeutic agents is the development of Anhicancer class of molecules called taxanes. Paclitaxel also names as taxol was first isolated from the bark of Taxus brevifolia Nutt. The potejtial of various parts of T.
brevifolia and other Taxus species potental. canadensis MarshallT. baccata L. by several Native American tribes for the treatment of some non-cancerous conditions has been documented, while the leaves of T. Paclitaxel biosynthesize and occurs in the leaves Anticaner various Taxus species, and the ready semi-synthetic conversion of the relatively abundant baccatins to paclitaxel, as well as active paclitaxel analogs, such as docetaxel Taxoterehas provided potentiwl major, renewable natural source of this important class of drugs.
Paclitaxel is used in the treatment of wide variety of cancers including breast, ovarian and non-small-cell lung cancer, and has also shown efficacy against Kaposi sarcoma. It has also attracted attention Anicancer to its potential in the treatment of psoriasis, Anticnacer sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Docetaxel, a semisynthetic derivative, is primarily used in the treatment of breast cancer. The importance of this class of anti-cancer agents can be evaluate by the fact that more than one dozen taxanes analogues are in clinical or preclinical development.
In addition, of cancer clinical trials recorded by the NCI as being in progress as of Anticancrare listed as involving taxane-derived drugs, including with paclitaxel Taxolwith docetaxel Taxotereand 10 with miscellaneous taxanes, either as single agents or in combination with other anti-cancer agents.
In addition, 23 taxanes are in preclinical development [ 14 ]. Another advancement that was made in the anti-cancer drug is Abticancer class of clinically-active agents derived from camptothecin. Campothecin was first isolated from the Chinese ornamental tree, Camptotheca acuminata Decne Nyssaceaeand known in China as the tree of joy.
The extract of C. acuminata was the only extract out of various plant extracts tested for anti-tumor activity which showed efficacy, and the active constituents isolated was identifies as camptothecin.
Camptothecin was introduced to clinical trials by the National Cancer Institute in the s, but withdrawn soon because of reports of severe bladder toxicity.
Extensive researches performed by several organizations for a search of more effective camptothecin derivatives and Topotecan Hycamtin was developed by SmithKline Beecham now Glaxo SmithKlineand Irinotecan was developed by Anticahcer Japanese company, Yakult Honsha, are now in clinical use.
Topotecan is used for the treatment of ovarian and small-cell lung cancers, while Irinotecan is used for the treatment of colorectal cancers. Of the cancer clinical trials recorded by the NCI as being in progress, as of July94 or approximately 4.
Potehtial addition, 15 other camptothecin derivatives are in preclinical development pottential 15 ]. PowerPoint Slide. Larger image png format. View current figure in a new window. Other potejtial agents,which are in clinical use, are homoharringtonine. Homoharringtonine was originally isolated from the Chinese tree Cephalotaxus harringtonia var.
drupacea Cephalotaxaceae. Elliptinium was isolated from species of several genera of the Apocynaceae familyincluding Bleekeria vitensisa Fijian medicinal plant with reputed anti-cancer properties.
A racemic mixture of harringtonine and homoharringtonine HHT is being used successfully in China to combat acute myelogenous leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Purified homoharringtonine has potehtial efficacy against various leukemias, including some resistant to standard treatment, and has been reported to produce complete hematologic remission in patients with late chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Elliptinium is marketed in France for the treatment of breast cancer [ 16 ]. Achyranthes aspera Linn. Family-Amaranthaceae is a commonly found herb as a weed on pitential sides throughout India. The methanol extract of Achyranthes aspera, its alkaloid, non-alkaloid and saponin fractions has been exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the Anticaancer virus early antigen activation induced by the carcinogen O-tetradecanoylphorbolacetate in Raji cells at a concentration of μg.
In in vitro study the non-alkaloid fraction containing mainly nonpolar compounds showed the most significant inhibitory activity [ 17 ]. In in vivo two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test the total methanol extract possessed a pronounced cytotoxic activity [ 18 ].
Allium sativum garlic, lasun is used to treat a wide variety of diseases in India. Allicin is a major Anticancre of raw garlic and ajoene is a product of the Antivancer of allicin.
Its cytotoxic effect has been tested using human primary fibroblasts, potenital permanent, nontumorgenic Anticahcer line derived from baby hamster kidney cells and a tumorgenic lymphoid cell line derived Anticanfer a Burkitt lymphoma.
Some organo-sulfur compounds from garlic, like S-allylcysteine, are reported to retard the growth of chemically induced and transplantable Aticancer in several animal models [ 20 ]. Thus the consumption of garlic may beneficial potentiap some kind of protection from cancer.
Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Andographis paniculata has been reported the isolation of 14 compounds; a majority of them are flavonoids and labdane diterpenoids.
: Anticancer potential| ORIGINAL RESEARCH article | FIGURE Atnicancer. Palozza P, Torelli C, Boninsegna A, Simone R, Catalano Potentiaal, Anticancer potential MC, Potehtial N Anticancer potential effects of the astaxanthin-rich alga Haematococcus pluvialis in human colon cancer cells. Mol Cells. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Segura-Aguilar J, Lind C. Foods Similar to the primary screen, the main mode of failure is platewise failures. |
| Discovering the anticancer potential of non-oncology drugs by systematic viability profiling | Park YW and Nam MS: Bioactive peptides in milk and dairy products: A review. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Among them, the priority focus is on polysaccharides due to their maximum content in green, brown, and red algae [ 10 ]. Immunity Cell Mol Life Sci. Google Scholar Nisar A, Mamat AS, Hatim MI, Aslam MS, Syarhabil M. |
| Introduction | The present review provides a comprehensive and collective update on the potential of 66 commonly used spices as well as their bioactive constituents as anticancer agents. The review also provides an in-depth update of all major in vitro, in vivo, clinical and pharmacological studies done on these spices with special emphasis on the potential of these spices and their bioactive constituents as potential functional foods for prevention, treatment and management of cancer. Keywords: Dietary products; anticancer; ayurveda; cytotoxicity; medicinal plants; spices.. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub benthamscience. Abstract Nature is a rich source of natural drug-like compounds with minimal side effects. TANDEM: a two-stage approach to maximize interpretability of drug response models based on multiple molecular data types. Bioinformatics 32 , i—i Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Rydenfelt, M. 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High-throughput cell-based screening of known drugs and drug-like small molecules identifies disulfiram as an inhibitor of prostate cancer cell growth. Taylor, A. Genomic and functional approaches to understanding cancer aneuploidy. Cancer Cell 33 , — e3 Koboldt, D. Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature , 61—70 Article CAS Google Scholar. Bell, D. Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma. Wang, J. Effect of vanadium on insulin sensitivity and appetite. Metabolism 50 , — Article PubMed Google Scholar. Thompson, K. Vanadium treatment of type 2 diabetes: a view to the future. Hästbacka, J. The diastrophic dysplasia gene encodes a novel sulfate transporter: positional cloning by fine-structure linkage disequilibrium mapping. Cell 78 , — Identification of the Finnish founder mutation for diastrophic dysplasia DTD. Argentieri, D. Dubey, R. Waldman, S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tepoxalin after single oral dose administration to healthy volunteers. Dimberg, L. A genome-wide loss-of-function screen identifies SLC26A2 as a novel mediator of TRAIL resistance. Straussman, R. Tumour micro-environment elicits innate resistance to RAF inhibitors through HGF secretion. Stover, E. Pooled genomic screens identify anti-apoptotic genes as targetable mediators of chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer. Subramanian, A. A next generation connectivity map: L platform and the first 1,, profiles. e17 Zhang, X. A pair of new statistical parameters for quality control in RNA interference high-throughput screening assays. Genomics 89 , — Johnson, W. Adjusting batch effects in microarray expression data using empirical Bayes methods. Biostatistics 8 , — Smirnov, P. PharmacoGx: an R package for analysis of large pharmacogenomic datasets. Bioinformatics 32 , — Strobl, C. Conditional variable importance for random forests. 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Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Download references. We thank C. Yu, W. Hahn, B. Wolpin, A. Bass, N. Gray, K. Stegmaier, E. Stover, T. Lewis, M. Mesleh, A. Burgin, S. Alper, G. Botta, M. Macaluso, P. Tsvetkov, X. Jin, K. Blakeslee, G. Ciolek and E. Lander for helpful scientific discussions. Passino, C. Zhu, K. Gore, M. Laird, C. Trapechio and E. Parikh generated the barcoded PRISM cell lines and performed the assays. Stumbraite assisted with STR fingerprinting. Johnson and J. Davis performed lysate processing and detection. Johnston and R. Singh provided analytical chemistry support. Vrcic, C. Sandland and S. Figueroa-Lazu assisted with compound management. Kugener and A. Gonzalez provided technical assistance. This study was supported in part by the Carlos Slim Foundation Slim Initiative in Genomic Medicine for the Americas , the Next Generation Fund at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard S. and National Institutes of Health grants nos. U01 HG T. G and A. and K08 CA S. Present address: Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. Steven M. Corsello, Rohith T. Nagari, Ryan D. Spangler, Jordan Rossen, Mustafa Kocak, Jordan G. Bryan, Ranad Humeidi, David Peck, Xiaoyun Wu, Andrew A. Tang, Vickie M. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. Fetching data from CrossRef. 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| We apologize for the inconvenience... | Bothrops leucurus. Recently, two cyclic depsipeptides isolated from a Madagascan sponge Homophymia lamellosa , pipecolidepsins A and B 64 , have been found to exhibit cytotoxic activity against human lung, colon, and breast cancer cells 64 , Mechanism of action of algal bioactive components with anticancer potential via regulating the aberrant expression of cancer signaling pathways. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Song GY, Kim Y, Zheng XG, You YJ, Cho H, Chung JH, Sok DE, Ahn BZ. Unsurprisingly, signaling by STAT3 and NF-κB are highly interrelated [ 96 ]. |
Incidences of cancer have Blood sugar regulation pltential throughout the world. The Anticancer potential of finding a potenfial cancer drug takes Anficancer long time and Holistic approaches for arthritis relief lot of money. Pktential method that can help overcome this is computational methods, such as virtual screening. It can be an important alternative in early-stage drug discovery. The aim of this study is to explore and analyze the potential protein targets of Bajakah tampala Spatholobulus littoralis as an anticancer chemotherapy. This is a bioinformatics study that uses the in silico method through the pathway analysis method with PubChem software, Swiss Target prediction, String and Cytoscope. Anticancer potential -
In addition to genetic and environmental factors, modifications to the stomach adaptive system result in endoplasmic reticulum ER stress, which activates the unfolded protein response and causes precancerous lesions to form at the precancerous stage [ ]. Because pro-apoptotic proteins Bim and Bax are present while VacA interference is present, ER stress causes CHOP transcription, which speeds up apoptosis.
Activation of NF-κB, on the other hand, inhibits apoptosis via A20 deubiquitinylase activity, resulting in infection-mediated GC that persists [ , ]. Inflammation has long been a key factor in the development of cancer.
Moreover, the ability of human carcinoma MKN45 gastric cells to invade was shown to be inhibited by a new polysaccharide derived from brown algae Sargassum sp.
Moreover, porphyran from Porphyra sp. has anticancer characteristics that inhibit in vitro adenocarcinoma cell lines AGS by triggering apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway [ ]. Apart from dislodging H. pylori from human AGS cells, fucoidan fraction Fucus B has been shown to cause dose-dependent cytotoxicity in AGS cancer cells, which was verified using a lactate dehydrogenase assay.
Additionally, 6 gms of fucoidan taken regularly seems to be non-toxic and has the potential for use in treating H. pylori infection and GC formation [ ]. Furthermore, brown algae sulfated polysaccharides fucoidan have been shown to decrease the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, PGE2, NO, and TNF-α.
In addition, the anti-inflammatory fucoidan has suppressed complement-related inflammation in the stomach wall [ ]. As indicated before, it has been demonstrated that phycobiliproteins from cyanobacteria reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including NO and COX-2 [ ].
Furthermore, oxidative stress caused by H. pylori in the gastric cells contributes to GC. In addition to CagA's fatal impact, pro-oxidant activities like host spermine oxidase, NADPH oxidase, or mitochondria-mediated ROS production reduce antioxidant or glutathione activity in H.
pylori -infected patients. Furthermore, nitric oxide NO produced in macrophages, gastric cells, and lymphocytes causes DNA adducts and nitrotyrosine, instigating DNA and protein damage [ ]. It has been demonstrated that the antioxidant properties of polysaccharides, carotenoids, lipids, peptides, and pigments of micro- and macroalgae can repair ROS-induced damage in cancer cells, as previously mentioned in this review.
Consumption of antioxidant or selenium supplements at the same time not only replenishes SOD, catalase, and glutathione levels but also regulates positive gene expression on intracellular and intercellular signaling, preventing deadly damage in GC [ ].
Nonetheless, using algae in combination with conventional antibiotics to treat antimicrobial-resistant H. pylori infection and prevent GC may be beneficial. Because these bacteria have developed resistance and there is no cure or prophylactic available, more progress in developing vaccines using biomedical approaches is required.
The development of biomaterials has become one of the foremost significant fields of research in contemporary science, with tremendous promise for biological applications [ ].
Furthermore, due to their non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties, the biological exploration of natural materials has risen [ ]. Despite the fact that various biomaterials have been employed as biological agents to combat drug resistance.
Algae, a ubiquitous photosynthetic organism, has long been regarded as interesting naturally active biomaterials with a range of applications including drug administration, bioengineering, wound repair, bioanalysis, and hypoxia-mediated tumor therapy [ ].
Microalgae have demonstrated strong targeted drug delivery capabilities in both in vitro and in vivo investigations, with an emphasis on anticancer effects, by loading drug molecules through their active surfaces. Microalgae Spirulina platensis -based oral medication delivery systems containing SP Curcumin have been shown to be easily trapped and adhered to intestinal villi and wall, in contrast to conventional oral drug delivery problems.
In colon cancer and colitis, the SP Curcumin has been studied for its ability to operate as a radioprotector by scavenging ROS generated by healthy tissues after X-ray exposure, as well as lowering pro-inflammatory cytokine production and increasing drug bioavailability [ ].
Additionally, it has been demonstrated that C. reinhardtii that has been engineered to contain chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles CSIONPs coupled to the chemotherapeutic medication doxorubicin DOX enhances the drug uptake in SK-BR3 cancer cells [ ].
Simultaneously, the development of Spirulina sp. When combined with cell-targeting antibodies and chemotherapeutic chemical molecules camptothecin and 7-ethylhydroxy-camptothecin , genetically modified biosilica frustules from the altered diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana specifically targeted and killed in vivo neuroblastoma cells in mice models SH-SY5Y [ ].
Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that lung-targeted administration of positively charged DOX molecules using negatively charged S. platensis kills 4T1 and CT26 tumor cells [ ]. Furthermore, tumor hypoxia is caused by unregulated cell proliferation, altered metabolism, and aberrant tumor blood cells, all of which result in inadequate oxygen and nutrient transfer.
Hypoxia causes cell cycle arrest, suppresses apoptosis and cell death, modifies the activity of the p53 gene and the mitochondria, expresses the drug efflux pump P-gp , and reduces oxygenation in the case of chemotherapy cytotoxicity [ ]. Since the ROS generated by photodynamic treatment PDT and radiation therapy RT are converted from oxygen, these two therapeutic modalities rely largely on oxygen.
Spirulina sp. and Chlorella sp. A cancer-targeted theranostic approach involving biohybrid microswimmers based on engineered S. platensis has been shown to increase oxygen generation in a 4T1 bearing mouse model, as well as innate chlorophyll and magnetic resonance derived fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging for monitoring effective tumor therapy procedures and modifying tumor microenvironment hypoxia [ ].
Additionally, an autotrophic light-triggered green affording oxygen engine ALGAE made of calcium alginate and C. pyrenoidosa was implanted into 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse tumors. This engine was triggered three times to induce hypoxia-resistant PDT and successfully limit tumor growth and metastasis [ ].
Mice with 4T1 tumors were given an intravenous injection of a modified C. vulgaris -based biohybrid Algae SiO2 system, which inhibited tumor growth. Moreover, ROS generated from Algae SiO2-derived chlorophyll induces cytotoxicity to cancer cells throughout the photodynamic therapy [ ].
In addition, in breast tumors 4T1 and ovarian tumors SKOV3 mice models, the red blood cell membrane RBCM was included in the surface modification of C. vulgaris dramatically lowering tumor development, hypoxia-dependent radioresistance, angiogenesis, and proliferation, triggering death.
Downregulation of HIF1 and VEGF, as well as a decrease in Ki67 and CD31 expression, raises cleaved caspase-3, which aids in apoptosis induction and could lead to the development of algae-mediated hypoxia-related tumor therapy in the future [ ]. Macroalgae-derived bioactive compounds have a vast array of biomedical applications.
Among them, the priority focus is on polysaccharides due to their maximum content in green, brown, and red algae [ 10 ]. They are considered advantageous therapeutically as they are biocompatible, non-toxic, biologically tunable, and biodegradable [ ].
The presence of biologically active metabolites in seaweeds has gained attention as food supplements in East Asia for centuries. Polysaccharides from macroalgae act as dietary fibers stimulating the production and thickness of intestinal mucus, thus protecting against carcinogenic compounds.
Consumption of recommended intake of seaweeds can prevent colon, rectal, stomach, and breast cancer [ 2 , , , ]. Dietary intake of Laminaria sp.
are all known to reduce the risk of breast cancer [ , ]. Through the activation of NK cells, macrophages, and T cells, seaweeds have immunomodulating properties that enable them to recognize cancer antigens and harm target cells while also enhancing the immune system to prevent the growth of cancer [ 2 ].
According to research by Sun et al. Specifically, the seaweed polysaccharides being hydrophilic are suitable to act as drug delivery agents for hydrophobic anticancer drugs. Nevertheless, these polysaccharides have the ability to reduce the side effects of drugs, prevent the dispersion of chemotherapeutic agents throughout the body as well as optimize the release of anticancer compounds [ ].
Oligocarrageenan obtained from the K. alvarezii κ-carrageenan was modified with polycaprolactone PCL chains to form PCL-grafted oligocarrageenan nano-micelles nm that encapsulated curcumin hydrophobic drug. This enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity in TNF-triggered inflammatory trials [ ].
Hydrophobic anticancer compound docetaxel is encapsulated with fucoidan-poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanocarrier FPN-DTX [ ]. According to Kahya et al. A superabsorbent hydrogel was prepared using carboxymethylagarose CMA and polyacrylamide PAm while extracting agarose from Gracilaria dura and forming CMA-Ag-PAm.
The hydrogel showed extensive pH-responsive behavior causing an enhanced release of DOX with a decline in pH from 7. This DOX-loaded hydrogel attributes to cytotoxicity against A and Hep-G2 cell lines [ ].
Nanoparticles derived from macroalgae show a wide spectrum of anticancer properties. In order to create biocompatible silver nanoparticles with an IC 50 value of Fabrication of methyl gallate encapsulated zeolitic imidazole framework MG ZIF-L prepared from the extracts of Gracilaria debilis showed good biocompatibility, high loading capacity, and rapid release of drugs in the tumor microenvironment.
The nanocomposite is cytotoxic to A lung cancer cell line because of enhanced ROS generation, which causes mitochondrial damage and encourages apoptosis.
The cytotoxicity of MG ZIF-L was tested in an in vivo zebrafish embryo model system and found to be non-toxic [ ]. In this area, the most exploited compound of seaweeds is phlorotannins. Phlorotannins extracted from Ecklonia cava include phloroglucinol, dieckol, eckol, and triphlorethol A that show radioprotection activity against radiation-induced damage and oxidative stress through inhibition of apoptosis [ , , ].
Similarly, methanolic extracts of Polyopes lancifolia have been found to contain higher amounts of SOD and catalase cytoprotective enzymes that demonstrate radioprotective activity via antioxidant processes [ ].
The abundance of bioactive components found in algae has aroused the interest of many experts, who have proposed potential applications in the industrial and medical sectors. Over the past few decades, numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations have demonstrated that algae offer a wide range of applications in cancer therapy.
By activating either the caspase-dependent or caspase-independent apoptosis pathway, which is followed by the upregulation of various tumor suppressor factors and the downregulation of particular cancer genes, markers, and signaling pathways, it has been shown that these algal-derived components are effective at inducing cytotoxicity and cellular death.
Furthermore, these ingredients' anti-adhesive, immunostimulating, and anti-inflammatory properties boost the effectiveness of the anticancer potential that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of H.
pylori -infected stomach cancer. Algal metabolites therefore can be used to protect humans from various cancers, in addition to their biomedical applications, which are still being studied. Furthermore, based on their molecular weight and viscosity, algal metabolites have been used in a number of other nutraceuticals, proving their plasticity.
In the realm of innovative drug development, which replaces manufactured pharmaceuticals, various preclinical investigations using these bioactive components have also been carried out recently. Microalgae have, however, been used much less frequently as anticancer drugs than macroalgal metabolites.
Advanced extraction procedures, as well as ideal growth factors and genetic engineering, must be considered for improved metabolite production.
Nonetheless, to solve the conundrum, thorough clinical trials and standard dosage recommendations must be devised, allowing the potentiality of these bioactive components to be assessed.
This is a comprehensive review article, and the information has been provided from the literature mentioned in the references. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Moreover, several other phenolic compounds, such as pedunculagin, laevigatins, brevifolincarboxylic acid, and ellagic acid, an artifact, are released as a product of hydrolysis of ellagitannins.
These compounds are widely present in the aerial parts of different species belonging to the genus Potentilla , including P. indica, P. freyniana, Duchesnea chrysantha, and P.
anserina , and therefore could be considered significant in the chemophenetics of this genus Okuda et al. Furthermore, flavonol derivatives, such as quercetin 3- O -rutoside, quercetin 3- O -galactoside, quercetin 3- O -glucuronide, quercetin 3- O -arabinoside, kaempferol 3- O -glucoside, kaempferol 3- O -glucuronide, and tiliroside, were found in at least one of the 17 investigated Potentilla species Tomczyk and Latte, ; Augustynowicz et al.
More interestingly, N -acylated biogenic amine derivative, N1, N5, Ntricoumaroyl spermidine, was reported for the first time in the genus Potentilla.
This compound accumulates exclusively in the pollen coat and has been detected in several other genera in the Rosaceae family Elejalde-Palmett et al. The anticancer potential of acetone extracts isolated from selected Potentilla species was examined in both colon cancer LS cells as well as normal colon epithelial CCD CoN cells by investigation compounds influence on cell viability MTT assay , proliferation BrdU assay , and cytotoxicity LDH assay.
All investigated extracts decreased viability of both normal and cancer colon cells in a dose-dependent manner; however, LS cells were more sensitive to the tested compounds.
The results of MTT assay indicated that the tested extracts effectively decreased the mitochondrial metabolism of human colon cancer cells, which could be associated with the presence of hydrolysable tannins in all extracts except the PAL7 , which revealed the weakest anticancer effect.
Moreover, the highest impact in decrease of cancer cells viability by PAR7 , PN7 and PRU7 correlate with their highest TPC and TTC values.
Agrimoniin was shown to have prominent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Hoffman et al. erecta directly inhibit UVB-induced cyclooxygenase-2 COX-2 expression and production of PGE2 in human keratinocytes HaCaT , as well as in an in vivo model, and inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR phosphorylation.
Shi et al. BrdU assay revealed a significant decrease of DNA synthesis in both colon cancer and non-cancer cells in response to all investigated extracts. The strongest antiproliferation effect in cancer cells was observed after treatment with PAR7 and PN7.
Those extracts revealed to posess the highest total polyphenol and tannin contents. Notably, the antiproliferative effect of 5-FU observed in colon cancer cells was significantly stronger than that of the examined extracts.
Similarly, data collected from colon epithelial cells revealed that five out of six investigated extracts in higher concentrations inhibited DNA synthesis stronger than the positive control. The in vivo bioavailability of high weight ellagitannins is relatively low. Ellagitannins at neutral or alkaline pH are hydrolysed with the release of free ellagic acid, which exerts a number of biological activities Ismail et al.
Whitley et al. Moreover, ellagic acid significantly decreased the expression of genes involved in the p53, PI3K-Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK , and TGF-β signaling pathways in human colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT Zhao et al. Ellagic acid also reduced the viability of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line NPC-BM1 via activation of caspase-3 and inhibition of Bcl-2 and telomerase Huang et al.
Our results are in agreement with the studies by Kowalik and co-authors , showing that selected extracts and fractions from aerial parts of P. alba significantly decreased proliferation of human colon cancer HT cells. Additionally the authors found out that selected extracts and fractions from P.
alba increased proliferation of human normal epithelial CCD CoTr cells. Moreover, the tested samples damaged cell membranes and decreased their viability Kowalik et al.
Kaempferol 3- O -glucoside, present in all investigated extracts, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects.
A recent study conducted on human colon cancer HCT cells revealed that kaempferol 3- O -glucoside induces cell apoptosis by increasing expression of pro-apoptotic caspases caspase 3, caspase 6, caspase 7, caspase 8, and caspase 9 , protein p53, and Bax, and decreasing expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, cleaved caspase 3, and Bcl Notably, tiliroside isolated from P.
argentea exerted inhibitory activity against topoisomerase I and II and showed moderate cytotoxicity against human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7 Tomczyk et al. The weakest effect was observed for PAL7, which may be due to the absence of hydrolysable tannins, which modify the permeability of cell membranes.
However, strong observed effect of rest of tested extracts can be explained by high TTC. Moreover, the exerted the strongest cytotoxic effects of PAR7 and PRU7 among all extracts can be explained by their higher TPC and TTC values.
At the same time, all tested samples were not cytotoxic against normal colon cells. In a recent paper, Borisowa and co-authors found that hydrolysable tannins selectively block calcium-activated chloride channels and form selective pores in the cell membrane Borisova et al.
Moreover, pedunculagin increased cytotoxicity of 5-FU against human liver cancer cells QGY, probably through increased permeability of the cancer cell membrane, as observed by the authors through a microscope Xiao et al.
A recent study revealed that agrimoniin stimulates apoptosis via the mitochondria pathway, inducing activity of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore MPTP , which leads to mitochondria swelling and a decrease in energy production. Moreover, the authors found that agrimoniin is cytotoxic against K and HeLa cell lines Fedotcheva et al.
The in vivo effects of tannin-rich acetone extracts from selected Potentilla species may vary from obtained in vitro results. A recent study on aerial parts of P. anserina and rhizomes of P. erecta revealed that human intestinal microbiota convert ellagitannins to urolithins, which possess potent anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities Piwowarski et al.
Moreover, several studies suggest that the chronic application of tannin-rich extracts may lead to iron-deficiency anemia. Hydrolysable tannins posess antinutritional properties, due to their potential to complex iron ions and reduce their absorption Petry et al.
However, those effect may be offset by the development of formulations with modified release of extract or by the inclusion in diet of other bioactives, such as ascorbic acid, which prevents the inhibitory effect of polyphenols on iron absorption Petroski and Minich, Hydrolysable tannins are well known for their anti-bleeding properties.
The tannin-rich extracts from Potentilla species may be used as potent, plant-based styptic agents as a complementary therapy in advanced stages of colorectal cancers. In conclusion, this study reports, for the first time, analysis of the LC-PDA-HRMS profile of acetone extracts of selected Potentilla species.
The analysis revealed the presence of several phenolic compounds, such as agrimoniin, pedunculagin, brevifolincarboxylic acid, ellagic acid, tiliroside, and tricoumaroyl spermidine. These secondary metabolites can be considered as chemophenetic markers for the genus Potentilla.
Four of six investigated extracts PAR7 , PRE7 , PRU7 , PN7 showed great chemopreventive potential, manifested by the effective elimination of colon cancer cells, causing both damage to their cell membranes and inhibition of their proliferation and metabolic activity, with a simultaneous lack of a cytotoxic effect on normal colon epithelial cells and a significantly weaker effect on their metabolism and DNA synthesis compared to cancer cells.
While it is impossible to specify the extract with the greatest therapeutic potential, these studies unequivocally showed that PAL7 had the lowest anti-cancer potential in a cellular model of colon cancer.
DA and MT designed the research, DA performed experiments, analysed the data, and wrote the draft of the manuscript. MKL and JWS performed experiments, analysed the data, and revised the manuscript.
AW and MT supervised the research and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Citation: Augustynowicz D, Lemieszek MK, Strawa JW, Wiater A and Tomczyk M Anticancer potential of acetone extracts from selected Potentilla species against human colorectal cancer cells. doi:
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